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Arab citizens of Israel〔The Israeli Nationality Law came into effect on 14 July 1952. Between Israel's declaration of independence on 14 May 1948 and the passage of this bill four years later, there technically were no Israeli citizens. In this article, the phrase "Arab citizen" is used to refer to the Arab population in Israel, even in the period after the 1949 armistice agreement and before the passage of the Nationality Law in 1952.〕 is the Israeli government's designation for non-Jewish Israeli citizens, the majority of whose cultural and linguistic heritage or ethnic identity is Arab. Many identify as Palestinian and commonly self-designate themselves asPalestinian citizens of Israel.〔See the terminology and self-identification sections for an extended discussion of the various terms used to refer to this population.〕 The traditional vernacular of most Arab citizens, irrespective of religion, is the Palestinian dialect of Arabic. Most Arab citizens of Israel are functionally bilingual, their second language being Modern Hebrew. By religious affiliation, most are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam. There is a significant Arab Christian minority from various denominations as well as Druze, among other religious communities. Israeli Mizrahi Jews are not usually considered to form part of this population. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, the Arab population in 2013 was estimated at 1,658,000, representing 20.7% of the country's population.〔 The majority of these identify themselves as Arab or Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship.〔. "The issue of terminology relating to this subject is sensitive and at least partially a reflection of political preferences. Most Israeli official documents refer to the Israeli Arab community as "minorities". The Israeli National Security Council (NSC) has used the term "Arab citizens of Israel". Virtually all political parties, movements and non-governmental organisations from within the Arab community use the word "Palestinian" somewhere in their description – at times failing to make any reference to Israel. For consistency of reference and without prejudice to the position of either side, ICG will use both Arab Israeli and terms the community commonly uses to describe itself, such as Palestinian citizens of Israel or Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel."〕〔An IDI Guttman Study of 2008 shows that most Arab citiens of Israel identify as Arabs (45%). While 24% consider themselves Palestinian, 12% consider themselves Israelis, and 19% identify themselves according to religion. (Poll: Most Israelis see themselves as Jewish first, Israeli second )〕 Many have family ties to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as to Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Negev Bedouins and Druze tend to identify more as Israelis than other Arab citizens of Israel.〔(''The Druze Minority in Israel in the Mid-1990s'', by Gabriel Ben-Dor ), ''Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs'', 1995-06-01. Retrieved on 2012-01-23.〕〔Mya Guarnieri, (Where is the Bedouin Intifada? ) The Alternative Information Center (AIC), February 9, 2012.〕〔(Israel's ''Arab citizens: Key facts and current realities'' ), ''UK Task Force'', June 2012.〕 Most of the Arabs living in East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967 and later annexed, were offered Israeli citizenship, but most have refused, not wanting to recognize Israel's claim to sovereignty. They became permanent residents instead. They have the right to apply for citizenship, are entitled to municipal services, and have municipal voting rights.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=United Nations )〕 ==Terminology== How to refer to the Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue and there are a number of self-identification labels used by members of this community.〔 Generally speaking, supporters of Israel tend to use ''Israeli Arab'' or ''Arab Israeli'' to refer to this population, while critics of Israel (or supporters of Palestinians) tend to use ''Palestinian'' or ''Palestinian Arab'' without referencing Israel.〔 According to ''The New York Times'', most prefer now to identify themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than as Israeli Arabs.〔Jodi Rudoren, (Service to Israel Tugs at Identity of Arab Citizens ), ''The New York Times'' 12 July 2012: ‘After decades of calling themselves Israeli Arabs, which in Hebrew sounds like Arabs who belong to Israel, most now prefer Palestinian citizens of Israel.’〕 ''The New York Times'' uses both 'Palestinian Israelis'〔Editorial, ('Israel’s Embattled Democracy' ), New York Times 21 July 2012 : “Israeli Palestinians are not required to join the army, and most do not. Many feel like second-class citizens and are deeply conflicted about their place in Israeli society.”〕 and 'Israeli Arabs' to refer to the same population. Common practice in contemporary academic literature is to identify this community as ''Palestinian'' as it is how the majority self-identify (See Self-Identification below for more).〔 Terms preferred by most Arab citizens to identify themselves include ''Palestinians'', ''Palestinians in Israel'', ''Israeli Palestinians'', ''the Palestinians of 1948'', ''Palestinian Arabs'', ''Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel'' or ''Palestinian citizens of Israel''.〔〔〔〔 There are, however, individuals from among the Arab citizenry who reject the term ''Palestinian'' altogether. A minority of Israel's Arab citizens include "Israeli" in some way in their self-identifying label; the majority identify as Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship.〔〔 The Israeli establishment prefers ''Israeli Arabs'' or ''Arabs in Israel'', and also uses the terms ''the minorities'', ''the Arab sector'', ''Arabs of Israel'' and ''Arab citizens of Israel''.〔〔〔 These labels have been criticized for denying this population a political or national identification, obscuring their Palestinian identity and connection to Palestine.〔〔 The term ''Israeli Arabs'' in particular is viewed as a construct of the Israeli authorities.〔〔〔 It is nonetheless used by a significant minority of the Arab population, "reflecting its dominance in Israeli social discourse."〔 Other terms used to refer to this population include ''Palestinian Arabs in Israel'', ''Israeli Palestinian Arabs'', and ''the Arabs inside the Green Line'' (or ''the Arabs within'' (アラビア語:عرب الداخل)).〔〔〔 The latter appellation, among others listed above, are not applied to the East Jerusalem Arab population or the Druze in the Golan Heights, as these territories were occupied by Israel in 1967. As the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics defines the area covered in its statistics survey as including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, the number of Arabs in Israel is calculated as just over 20% of the Israeli population (2010).〔( Israel in Figures 2010 ), Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 2010.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arab citizens of Israel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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